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Open collaboration is any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value , which is made available to contributors and noncontributors alike." [1] It is prominently observed in open source software , but can also be found in many other instances, such as in Internet forums , mailing lists and online communities . Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, example including bitcoin , TEDx , and Wikipedia . [2]

Definition [ edit ]

Juliet Schor noted that "a clear definition of technology-mediated open collaboration might be difficult to pin down". [3] : 7 

Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of egalitarianism , meritocracy , and self-organization . [4] Levine and Piretula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike." [5] [6] This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements — goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project, in Wikipedia, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on user-generated content . In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated. [3] : 17 

History [ edit ]

Open collaboration is the principle underlying peer production , [3] : 48  and mass collaboration . [ citation needed ] It was observed initially in open source software, and has been popularized by Richard Stallman 's GNU Manifesto . [3] : 17–18  Since then it can also be found in many other instances, such as in Internet forums , [7] mailing lists , [8] Internet communities , [9] and many instances of open content , such as creative commons . It also explains some instances of crowdsourcing , collaborative consumption , and open innovation . [ citation needed ]

Academia [ edit ]

An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym). [10] As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)." [11]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance
  2. ^ "Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - American'Girl Rachel And Sons The Crimson White Brothers" .
  3. ^ a b c d Dariusz Jemielniak; Aleksandra Przegalinska (18 February 2020). Collaborative Society . MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-35645-9 .
  4. ^ Riehle, D.; Ellenberger, J.; Menahem, T.; Mikhailovski, B.; Natchetoi, Y.; Naveh, B.; Odenwald, T. (March 2009). "Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges" (PDF) . IEEE Software . 26 (2): 52–58. doi : 10.1109/MS.2009.44 . ISSN   0740-7459 .
  5. ^ Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, Michael J. (2014). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance" . Organization Science . 25 (5): 1414–1433. arXiv : 1406.7541 . doi : 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 . ISSN   1047-7039 . S2CID   6583883 .
  6. ^ Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance . Organization Science , doi : 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
  7. ^ Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. Research Policy , 32, 923–943 doi : 10.2139/ssrn.290305
  8. ^ Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008). Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks . Organization Science , 19(2), 260-276 doi : 10.1287/orsc.1070.0315
  9. ^ Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities . Organization Science , 22(5), 1224-1239, doi : 10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
  10. ^ "About" . The International Symposium on Open Collaboration . 15 June 2010.
  11. ^ ". Kenneth Pascal (12 April 2013). "Definition of Open Collaboration" . The International Symposium on Open Collaboration . Retrieved 2018-03-26 . Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist, meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes).
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